Yuav Nrhiav Tus Zauv Li Cas Oxidation: 12 Kauj Ruam (nrog Duab)

Cov txheej txheem:

Yuav Nrhiav Tus Zauv Li Cas Oxidation: 12 Kauj Ruam (nrog Duab)
Yuav Nrhiav Tus Zauv Li Cas Oxidation: 12 Kauj Ruam (nrog Duab)

Video: Yuav Nrhiav Tus Zauv Li Cas Oxidation: 12 Kauj Ruam (nrog Duab)

Video: Yuav Nrhiav Tus Zauv Li Cas Oxidation: 12 Kauj Ruam (nrog Duab)
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Hauv kev siv tshuaj lom neeg, lo lus "oxidation" thiab "txo qis" hais txog kev cuam tshuam uas cov atom (lossis pab pawg ntawm atoms) poob lossis tau txais electrons, feem. Cov lej Oxidation yog tus lej muab rau atoms (lossis pab pawg ntawm atoms) uas pab kws kho mob taug qab seb muaj pes tsawg lub tshuab hluav taws xob muaj rau kev hloov pauv thiab seb puas tau muab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau oxidized lossis txo qis hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov txheej txheem ntawm muab cov lej oxidation rau atoms tuaj yeem sib txawv los ntawm qhov yooj yim zoo rau qee qhov nyuaj, raws li kev them nyiaj ntawm atoms thiab tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov molecules lawv yog ib feem ntawm. Txhawm rau teeb meem teeb meem, qee lub ntsiab lus tuaj yeem muaj ntau dua ib tus lej oxidation. Hmoov zoo, txoj haujlwm ntawm cov lej oxidation tau tswj hwm los ntawm cov lus txhais tau zoo, yooj yim-ua raws cov cai, txawm hais tias kev paub txog lej yooj yim thiab algebra yuav ua rau kev coj ua ntawm cov cai no yooj yim dua.

Cov kauj ruam

Ntu 1 ntawm 2: Muab Tus Zauv Oxidation Raws Li Txoj Cai Tshuaj

Nrhiav Cov Naj Npawb Oxidation Kauj Ruam 1
Nrhiav Cov Naj Npawb Oxidation Kauj Ruam 1

Kauj Ruam 1. Txheeb xyuas seb cov khoom hauv nqe lus nug yog qhov tseem ceeb

Pub dawb, tsis muaj qhov sib xyaw ua ke ib txwm muaj tus lej oxidation ntawm 0. Qhov no muaj tseeb ob qho tib si rau atoms uas nws lub hauv paus yog tsim los ntawm ib leeg ib leeg, nrog rau atoms uas nws lub hauv paus yog diatomic lossis polyatomic.

  • Piv txwv li, Al(cov) thiab Cl2 ob qho tib si muaj cov lej oxidation ntawm 0 vim tias lawv nyob hauv lawv cov ntawv tsis sib xws.
  • Nco ntsoov tias leej faj daim ntawv, S.8, lossis octasulfur, txawm hais tias tsis xwm yeem, kuj muaj tus lej oxidation ntawm 0.
Nrhiav Tus lej Oxidation Kauj Ruam 2
Nrhiav Tus lej Oxidation Kauj Ruam 2

Kauj Ruam 2. Txiav txim seb cov tshuaj hauv cov lus nug yog ion

Ions muaj cov lej oxidation sib npaug rau lawv cov nqi. Qhov no muaj tseeb ob qho tib si rau ions uas tsis tau khi rau lwm yam ntxiv nrog rau ions uas tsim ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj ionic.

  • Piv txwv li, ion Cl- muaj tus lej oxidation ntawm -1.
  • Cl ion tseem muaj tus lej oxidation ntawm -1 thaum nws yog ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj NaCl. Vim Na+ ion, los ntawm kev txhais, muaj tus nqi ntawm +1, peb paub tias Cl- ion muaj tus nqi ntawm -1, yog li nws tus lej oxidation tseem yog -1.
Nrhiav Tus lej Oxidation Kauj Ruam 3
Nrhiav Tus lej Oxidation Kauj Ruam 3

Kauj Ruam 3. Paub tias ntau tus lej oxidation tuaj yeem ua rau hlau ions

Ntau yam xim hlau tuaj yeem muaj ntau dua ib qho nqi. Piv txwv li, cov hlau hlau (Fe) tuaj yeem yog ib qho ion nrog tus nqi ntawm ib qho +2 lossis +3. Cov hlau ions tus nqi (thiab yog li cov lej oxidation) tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm kev sib piv nrog lwm cov atoms hauv cov khoom sib xyaw lawv yog ib feem ntawm, lossis, thaum sau ntawv, los ntawm tus lej lej cim cim (xws li hauv kab lus, " hlau (III) ion muaj nqi ntawm +3. ").

Piv txwv li, cia peb tshuaj xyuas qhov sib xyaw uas muaj cov xim hlau aluminium ion. Cov tshuaj AlCl3 muaj tus nqi tag nrho ntawm 0. Vim tias peb paub tias Cl- ions muaj nqi ntawm -1 thiab muaj 3 Cl- ions hauv qhov sib xyaw, Al ion yuav tsum muaj lub luag haujlwm ntawm +3 kom tag nrho cov nqi ntawm txhua qhov ions ntxiv rau 0. Yog li, Al tus lej oxidation yog +3 hauv qhov sib xyaw no.

Nrhiav Tus lej Oxidation Kauj Ruam 4
Nrhiav Tus lej Oxidation Kauj Ruam 4

Kauj Ruam 4. Muab tus lej oxidation ntawm -2 rau cov pa (nrog kev zam)

Yuav luag txhua qhov xwm txheej, cov pa oxygen muaj cov lej oxidation ntawm -2. Muaj qee qhov kev zam rau txoj cai no:

  • Thaum cov pa oxygen nyob hauv nws lub xeev tseem ceeb (O2), nws tus lej oxidation yog 0, zoo li yog txhua qhov atoms elemental.
  • Thaum oxygen yog ib feem ntawm peroxide, nws tus lej oxidation yog -1. Peroxides yog chav kawm ntawm cov sib txuas uas muaj cov pa oxygen-oxygen ib leeg (lossis peroxide anion O2-2). Piv txwv li, hauv cov qauv H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), oxygen muaj tus lej oxidation (thiab tus nqi) ntawm -1.
  • Thaum oxygen yog ib feem ntawm superoxide, nws cov lej oxidation yog -1⁄2. Superoxides muaj cov superoxide anion O2-.
  • Thaum cov pa tau khi rau fluorine, nws cov lej oxidation yog +2. Saib txoj cai fluorine hauv qab no kom paub ntau ntxiv. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qhov tshwj tseg: hauv (O2F2), tus lej oxidation ntawm cov pa oxygen yog +1.
Nrhiav Tus lej Oxidation Kauj Ruam 5
Nrhiav Tus lej Oxidation Kauj Ruam 5

Kauj Ruam 5. Muab tus lej oxidation ntawm +1 rau hydrogen (nrog kev zam)

Zoo li oxygen, hydrogen tus lej oxidation raug rau qhov tshwj xeeb. Feem ntau, hydrogen muaj tus lej oxidation ntawm +1 (tshwj tsis yog, raws li hais los saum toj no, nws nyob hauv nws daim ntawv tseem ceeb, H.2). Txawm li cas los xij, hauv cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb hu ua hydrides, hydrogen muaj tus lej oxidation ntawm -1.

Piv txwv li, hauv H.2O, peb paub tias hydrogen muaj tus lej oxidation ntawm +1 vim tias oxygen muaj tus nqi -2 thiab peb xav tau ob +1 tus nqi los ua kom cov nqi sib xyaw ntxiv rau xoom. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv sodium hydride, NaH, hydrogen muaj cov lej oxidation ntawm -1 vim tias Na+ ion muaj tus nqi ntawm +1 thiab, rau cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke tag nrho rau xoom, hydrogen tus nqi (thiab yog li tus lej oxidation) yuav tsum sib npaug -1.

Nrhiav Tus lej Oxidation Kauj Ruam 6
Nrhiav Tus lej Oxidation Kauj Ruam 6

Kauj Ruam 6. Fluorine ib txwm muaj tus lej oxidation ntawm -1

Raws li tau sau tseg saum toj no, tus lej oxidation ntawm qee yam tuaj yeem sib txawv rau ntau yam (hlau ions, oxygen atoms hauv peroxides, thiab lwm yam), fluorine, txawm li cas los xij, muaj tus lej oxidation ntawm -1, uas tsis hloov pauv. Qhov no yog vim tias cov tshuaj fluorine yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob feem ntau-hauv lwm lo lus, nws yog lub hauv paus tsawg tshaj plaws-yuav tso ib qho ntawm nws tus kheej hluav taws xob thiab feem ntau yuav siv lwm lub atom. Yog li ntawd, nws tus nqi tsis hloov.

Nrhiav Tus lej Oxidation Kauj Ruam 7
Nrhiav Tus lej Oxidation Kauj Ruam 7

Kauj Ruam 7. Teem cov lej oxidation hauv cov khoom sib npaug rau cov nqi sib xyaw

Cov lej oxidation ntawm txhua lub atoms hauv cov khoom sib xyaw yuav tsum ntxiv rau tus nqi ntawm cov khoom ntawd. Piv txwv li, yog tias cov khoom sib txuas tsis tau them nqi, cov lej oxidation ntawm txhua ntawm nws cov atoms yuav tsum ntxiv rau xoom; yog tias cov sib xyaw yog polyatomic ion nrog tus nqi ntawm -1, tus lej oxidation yuav tsum ntxiv txog -1, thiab lwm yam.

Nov yog txoj hauv kev zoo los tshuaj xyuas koj txoj haujlwm - yog tias cov tshuaj oxidation hauv koj cov khoom sib txuas tsis ntxiv rau tus nqi ntawm koj cov tshuaj, koj paub tias koj tau ua haujlwm ib lossis ntau qhov tsis raug

Ntu 2 ntawm 2: Muab Tus Zauv rau Atoms Tsis Muaj Txoj Cai Tus lej Oxidation

Nrhiav Tus lej Oxidation Kauj Ruam 8
Nrhiav Tus lej Oxidation Kauj Ruam 8

Kauj Ruam 1. Nrhiav atoms tsis muaj cov lej lej oxidation cov cai

Qee qhov atoms tsis muaj cov cai tshwj xeeb txog tus lej oxidation uas lawv tuaj yeem muaj. Yog tias koj lub atom tsis tshwm nyob rau hauv cov cai saum toj no thiab koj tsis paub meej tias nws lub luag haujlwm yog dab tsi (piv txwv li, yog tias nws yog ib feem ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw loj dua thiab yog li nws tus kheej tus nqi tsis pom), koj tuaj yeem pom atom tus lej oxidation los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshem tawm. Ua ntej, koj yuav txiav txim siab qhov oxidation ntawm txhua lwm lub atom hauv qhov sib txuas, tom qab ntawd koj yuav yooj yim daws qhov tsis paub raws li qhov them tag nrho ntawm cov sib xyaw.

Piv txwv li, hauv cov khoom Na2YOG4, tus nqi ntawm leej faj (S) tsis paub - nws tsis nyob hauv nws daim ntawv, yog li nws tsis yog 0, tab sis qhov ntawd yog txhua yam peb paub. Nov yog tus neeg sib tw zoo rau txoj hauv kev ntawm algebraic oxidation tus lej txiav txim.

Nrhiav Tus lej Oxidation Kauj Ruam 9
Nrhiav Tus lej Oxidation Kauj Ruam 9

Kauj Ruam 2. Nrhiav tus lej oxidation paub rau lwm cov ntsiab lus hauv cov khoom sib xyaw

Siv cov cai rau kev tso tus lej oxidation, muab cov lej oxidation rau lwm cov atoms hauv cov khoom sib xyaw. Ua tib zoo saib rau txhua qhov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb rau O, H, thiab lwm yam.

Na Na2YOG4, peb paub, raws li peb cov kev cai, tias Na ion muaj tus nqi (thiab yog li tus lej oxidation) ntawm +1 thiab tias cov pa oxygen muaj cov lej oxidation ntawm -2.

Nrhiav Tus lej Oxidation Kauj Ruam 10
Nrhiav Tus lej Oxidation Kauj Ruam 10

Kauj Ruam 3. Muab tus lej ntawm txhua lub atom los ntawm nws tus lej oxidation

Tam sim no peb paub tus lej oxidation ntawm tag nrho peb cov atoms tshwj tsis yog qhov tsis paub, peb yuav tsum suav nrog qhov tseeb tias qee qhov ntawm cov atoms no tuaj yeem tshwm ntau dua ib zaug. Sib npaug txhua lub atom tus lej sib npaug (sau hauv cov ntawv sau tom qab atom cov cim cim tshuaj hauv qhov sib xyaw) los ntawm nws tus lej oxidation.

Na Na2YOG4, peb paub tias muaj 2 Na atoms thiab 4 O atoms. Peb yuav muab 2 × +1, tus lej oxidation ntawm Na, kom tau txais cov lus teb ntawm 2, thiab peb yuav muab 4 × -2, tus lej oxidation ntawm O, kom tau txais cov lus teb ntawm -8.

Nrhiav Tus lej Oxidation Kauj Ruam 11
Nrhiav Tus lej Oxidation Kauj Ruam 11

Kauj Ruam 4. Ntxiv cov txiaj ntsig ua ke

Ntxiv cov txiaj ntsig ntawm koj cov lej sib koom ua ke muab cov tshuaj sib xyaw tam sim no tus lej oxidation yam tsis suav nrog tus lej oxidation ntawm koj lub atom tsis paub.

In our Naoj2YOG4 Piv txwv li, peb yuav ntxiv 2 rau -8 kom tau -6.

Nrhiav Tus lej Oxidation Kauj Ruam 12
Nrhiav Tus lej Oxidation Kauj Ruam 12

Kauj Ruam 5. Xam tus naj npawb oxidation uas tsis paub raws tus nqi sib xyaw

Tam sim no koj muaj txhua yam koj xav tau kom pom koj tus lej oxidation tsis paub siv lej yooj yim. Teem ib qho kev ua zauv uas muaj koj cov lus teb los ntawm cov kauj ruam dhau los ntxiv rau tus lej oxidation tsis paub sib npaug rau cov nqi sib xyaw. Hauv lwm lo lus: (suav nrog cov lej paub oxidation) + (tsis paub tus lej oxidation koj tab tom daws rau) = (them tus nqi sib xyaw).

  • In our Naoj2YOG4 piv txwv, peb yuav daws raws li hauv qab no:

    • (Cov lej ntawm cov lej paub oxidation) + (tsis paub tus lej oxidation koj tab tom daws rau) = (them tus nqi sib xyaw)
    • -6 + S = 0
    • S = 0 + 6
    • S = 6. S muaj tus lej oxidation ntawm

      Kauj ruam 6. hauv Na2YOG4.

Lub tswv yim

  • Hauv cov khoom sib xyaw, cov lej ntawm txhua tus lej oxidation yuav tsum sib npaug 0. Yog tias muaj cov ion uas muaj 2 atoms, piv txwv li, cov lej ntawm cov lej oxidation yuav tsum sib npaug ntawm cov nqi ionic.
  • Nws yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo kom paub yuav ua li cas nyeem lub rooj ntu ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab qhov twg cov hlau thiab cov hlau tsis nyob.
  • Atoms nyob rau hauv lawv cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj tus lej oxidation ntawm 0. Ib qho monatomic ion muaj tus lej oxidation sib npaug rau nws cov nqi. Cov pab pawg 1 hlau hauv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, xws li hydrogen, lithium thiab sodium, muaj tus lej oxidation ntawm +1; pab pawg 2 hlau hauv lawv daim ntawv tseem ceeb, xws li magnesium thiab calcium, muaj tus lej oxidation ntawm +2. Ob leeg hydrogen thiab oxygen muaj peev xwm ntawm 2 tus lej sib txawv oxidation nyob ntawm seb lawv tau sib koom ua ke li cas.
  • Nco qab ib ntawm ob qhov kev xav hauv qab no tuaj yeem yog kev pab txiav txim siab qhov sib txawv ntawm oxidation thiab txo qis:

    • OIL RIG- Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons), Reduction Is Gain (of electrons) lossis
    • LEO GER- Poob Cov Hluav Taws Xob- Oxidation, Tau Txais Cov Hluav Taws Xob- Txo
    • Atoms ntawm cov hlau zoo li poob hluav taws xob los tsim cov ions zoo (oxidation)
    • Atoms ntawm cov hlau tsis zoo yuav nce electrons los tsim cov ions tsis zoo (txo).
    • Cov ions uas tseem muaj kuj tseem tuaj yeem nce lossis poob hluav taws xob los ua cov ion nrog tus nqi sib txawv lossis atom nrog tus nqi nruab nrab.

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